Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework

Why in news?

• The 15th Conference of Parties (COP15) to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework(GBF).

About Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework:

• It aims to address biodiversity loss, restore ecosystems and protect indigenous rights.
• GBF includes 4 goals and 23 targets for achievement by 2030.

Why this name?

• The first part of COP 15 took place in Kunming, China and reinforced the commitment to address the biodiversity crisis and the Kunming Declaration was adopted by over 100 countries. The CBD conference is concluded in Canada's Montreal.

Key provisions of the framework:

• Financing: 
  • Ensure USD 200 billion per year is channelled to conservation initiatives from public and private sources.
  • Wealthier countries should contribute at least USD 20 billion of this every year by 2025, and at least USD30 billion a year by 2030.
• Big companies should report impacts on biodiversity: 
  • Companies should analyse and report how their operations affect and are affected by biodiversity issues.
• On harmful subsidies: 
  • Countries committed to identifying subsidies that deplete biodiversity by 2025, and then eliminate, phase out or reform them.
  • They agreed to slash those incentives by at least $500 billion a year by 2030, and increase incentives that are positive for conservation.
• Not legally binding:
  • The agreement is not legally binding, but countries will be required to show their progress on meeting targets through national biodiversity plans.

Key targets:

• 30x30 Deal:
  • Restore 30% degraded ecosystems globally (on land and sea) by 2030
  • Conserve and manage 30% areas (terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine) by 2030
• Stop the extinction of known species, and by 2050 reduce tenfold the extinction risk and rate of all species (including unknown)
• Reduce risk from pesticides by at least 50% by 2030
• Reduce nutrients lost to the environment by at least 50% by 2030
• Reduce pollution risks and negative impacts of pollution from all sources by 2030 to levels that are not harmful to biodiversity and ecosystem functions
• Reduce global footprint of consumption by 2030, including through significantly reducing overconsumption and waste generation and halving food waste
• Sustainably manage areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry and substantially increase agroecology and other biodiversity-friendly practices
• Tackle climate change through nature-based solutions
• Reduce the rate of introduction and establishment of invasive alien species by at least 50% by 2030
• Secure the safe, legal and sustainable use and trade of wild species by 2030

PRACTICE QUESTION:

Consider the following statements regarding Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework:

1. It is adopted under UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

2. It aims to restore 30% degraded ecosystems globally by 2030

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer